by
BrE /bʌɪ/ AmE /baɪ/
preposition / adverb en → es
next to or near someone or something
al lado de, cerca de
- by somebody/something
Collocations by the window · by the door
-
She was sitting by the fire.
Ella estaba sentada junto al fuego.
used to show how much or how many of something there is in a particular quantity, distance, etc.
por unidad de medida
- by the metre/kilogram/minute
Collocations by the hour · by the kilo
-
We sell our fruit by weight.
Vendemos nuestra fruta por peso.
used to show who does something or how it is done
por, a través de
- by somebody/something
Collocations by hand · by mistake
-
The painting was damaged by the sun.
El cuadro se dañó por el sol.
used to show when something happens or how long it takes
a las, a la hora de
- by the end of
Collocations by Monday · by next week
-
We need to finish by Friday.
Necesitamos terminar para el viernes.
used to show how something is done or what method, system, etc. is used
por medio de, mediante
- by email/post/phone
Collocations by bus · by car
-
I'll send you the details by email.
Te enviaré los detalles por correo electrónico.
used to show who wrote, made or produced something
por (autor)
- by somebody
Collocations by Shakespeare · by Picasso
-
The book was written by Jane Austen.
El libro fue escrito por Jane Austen.
used to show how much of something is shared or divided between people
por (parte)
- by somebody
Collocations by half · by a third
-
The profits are shared by all the partners.
Las ganancias se comparten entre todos los socios.
used to show a limit or maximum amount of something allowed, possible, etc.
hasta (límite)
- by somebody/something
Collocations by law · by agreement
-
The speed limit is 30 miles per hour by law.
El límite de velocidad es de 30 millas por hora según la ley.